Now we have a right to similarly interpret all the -essos/-assos ending toponyms. The brightest would be Sagalassos, which in Kartvelian rendering would be Sagaleti. It perfectly confirms the correctness of essos-->eti hypothesis. The word has two Kartvelian toponymic morphemes: Sa- and -eti. As we remember, the similar construction is used in Kartvelian name for France - Saprangeti, or for Greece - Saberdzneti. So, with those morphemes left aside, we are left with the root of 'Gal-', which are Gaules who massively invaded Anatolia in II-III centuries b.C. By the way, so called 'Galates' are a misderivation from Laz 'Galati' - 'land of gali'. So, the nation is still 'gaul', not 'galat'.
Ariassos was a Pisidian city that after a magic Kartvelian transformation incredibly shows us 'Ariati' - 'land of ari'. Thus, for the first time in history we obtain a 100% Arian toponym.
Marpessos, known also as Marmessos, is Marmeti - 'land of marmi', 'land of marmor'.
The legendary home town of Herodotus - Halicarnassos - now turns into Halicarneti (land of halicarni). Keeping in mind the plural n-suffix, we end up with two roots: (h)ali + cari. 'Cari', as already was said, means 'wind', while 'ali' is 'scarlet'. At the same time, 'hali' (with 'h' pronounced) is Megrelian for 'river'.
The Turkish noun meaning 'province' - vilayet - traditionally has two interpretation: from Arabic ولاية [wilāyah], and from ancient eyalet. In any case, the -et-suffix has no explanation, but Kartvelian.
The cradle of Mesopotamian civilization, the Euphrates river, is known as Firat in Turkish and Furat in Arabic languages. The Kartvelian (Laz) word ფურათი [furati] translates as 'land of cows'. The Eurphrates valley used to be known exactly for fantastic pastures. Funnily, Giorgio Buccellati calls Euphrates valley 'pasture land' too:
http://www.urkesh.org/EL-TQ/Buccellati_1990_Growth_of_Nomadism.pdf
...although with no Kartvelian reference. Looks like he was told that 'Euphrates' means 'pasture land', but never explained.
On Ptolemy's map the regions of Pysidia and Phrygia are united into a highly interesting country of Daneilia. The word sounds hugely Megrelian for Danelia in fact is a popular Megrelian surname. Next to Daneilia there used to be a site name Korbalia, which also exists as a Megrelian surname.
Istanbul (Stambul, Stamboli) may be interpreted as a Kartvelian adjective 'stambuli'. Which, in its turn, may be the reduced 'stamebuli', derived from plural form of 'stamebi' (compare to similar 'chveneburi'). We don't know what the root 'stam(i)' means or meant in Kartvelian, but we find its derivation in Chubinashvili dictionary: 'stamni' - 'jug'. Chubinashvili wants us to think that it is a borrowing of the Greek στάμνα meaning the same. But the root στάμ does not exist in Greek language, while the dictionary of Rayfield gives us another Kartvelian 'jug' - stamani (სტამანი), where -ani is a clear suffix. So, the root 'stam' did exist. And not in Greek, but in Kartvelian language.
Interestingly, in ancient times on the terrain of modern Istanbul there used to be located a town of Chalcedon [halkedon]. Here -on again is the adjective suffix, while the root easily recovers into Chalketi - 'land of chalchi' ('land of people'). Please, don't bother insisting that 'khalkhi' is the Turk word meaning 'people' too. Chalcedon was built in VIII century b.C., when the Turks were only mentioned for the first time in history somewhere around China.
Another remarkable toponym in the outskirts of Istanbul is the ancient Salmudessos. Or, Salmudeti, 'land of almudi'. What 'almudi' was, is not clear for now, but it is very likely to refer to Spanish toponym of Almudena/Almudaina. If so, then the official version of Almudena/Almudaina being the Arabic words, is not valid anymore.
The word 'ankara' in Kartvelian language has two meanings: (1) a grass-snake; and (2) a fresh water spring (Chubinashvili). It turns out that the Turkish capital is indeed famous for its mineral water and potable waters springs:
http://www.anadolujet.com/aj-en/anadolujet-magazin/2011/august/cityscope/the-hidden-face-of-ankara.aspx
Everyone knows that the city of Izmir used to bear a name of Smirna. Who is the first to mention the ancient Spanish Tartessos? According to Herodotus, those were the Phocaeans from Minor Asia's coast who went to Spain to seek the help from the local king Arganthonios, and successfully obtained it. There are two immediate questions: (1) why does a Spanish king have the Megrelian ethnonymic root (Arg) in his name?; and (2) why were the Phocaeans so sure that in a very distant land they will obtained help? The questions are rhetorical, once we remember that Tartessos in fact is a Kartvelian toponym of 'Tarteti'. If we assume that Phocaeans were Ibers' Kartvelian relatives, then we should find in Phocaean land the Kartvelian signs.
One of the cities neighbouring to Phocaeans, was Smirna, or, much more exactly, Smurna (Σμύρνα). The n-suffix makes us immediately assume that the whole word is the Old Kartvelian plural form 'smurni'. The confirmation comes right away. The city indeed used to be 'Smurni' (Σμύρνη):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna
So, the singular form of the word would be 'smuri'. It perfectly exists in the dictionary of Chubinashvili in the meaning of 'wine carouse'. The attentive reader would argue that the word 'carouse' is not likely to have a plural form. But the Kartvelian word 'smuri' perfectly does. For example, in this poem of Grigol Robakidze:
http://lib.ge/book.php?author=346&book=3367
In it it's used in the Modern Kartvelian plural form of 'smurebi'. But if there is 'smurebi', it means in Old Kartvelian it used to be 'smurni'. But again, even if used in plural, what kind of relation might such word as 'carouses' have to the name of a city? As a matter of fact, Smirna together with neighbouring Lesbos and Ikaria is considered to be the cradle of the legendary Greek 'pramnios' wine:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine
So, the word 'carouses' does have relation to the name of the city where the wine used to be produced (and hence, drunk) massively. Also it's amusing to compare the word 'smurni' to the Russian/Ukrainian word of 'smurnoy', meaning 'drunk, having hangover':
"...смурные со сна и после пьянки ремонтники...".
"...разг. о человеке печальный, грустный; хмурый, мрачный..."
http://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/смурной
Do you know that 'arara' means 'nothing' in Kartvelian? Now imagine, that you want to construct a Kartvelian toponym meaning 'land of nothing'. That would be Arareti. Now imagine it's not Kartvelian but Laz. That would be Ararati. Now take off the Kartvelian trademark nominative case i-ending, and you'll end up with Ararat... Why 'the land of nothing'? But what are you to find on the 5000m+ altitude? Nothing...
On a map of XIX century you'll find today non-existing city of Kelat on the banks of the Van lake. It's a Laz toponym of Kelati. Today in the same location there is another Laz toponym of Ahlat (Ahlati) with a Kartvelian root of "ahlo' - 'here, now'.
The ancient Anatolian province of Phrygia seems to be an extraordinary toponym, laying another brick into the wall of Kartvelian presence evidences. From one hand, the word seems to be the undoubtful proof of the origin of the Romanic word 'frigio' meaning 'cold', as well as pan-European 'frigid' meaning 'indifferent, feeble, dull, flat'. From another hand, the word's true pronunciation is [prugia], for 'y' meaning [u] and 'ph' meaning aspirated [p]. The root 'prug' does not exist in the modern Kartvelian language, but astonishingly it does in... Ukrainian/Russian languages where it is combined with the Kartvelian negative prefix of u-: UPRUGIY, meaning 'strained', 'tense', 'tauten', which is a clear antonym to the word 'frigid'. But these are not all the proofs.
First, the land of Phrygia used to be located off the seashores, on mountaneous terrain with its cilmate significantly colder than in other Anatolian regions:
http://www.atc-anadolu.com/images/climatetur03.gif
Second, in the Greek dictionary we find the word φρύγιος ([frigios] in New Greek and [frugios] in Ancient Greek):
http://www.lsj.gr/index.php/Φρύγιος
...where it means ξηρὸς [xeros]...
In its turn, ξηρὸς means:
1) dry
1a) of members of the body deprived of their natural juices, shrunk, wasted, withered
1b) of the land in distinction from the water
Note that the definition refers 'frugos' (through 'xeros') to body parts, while the word 'frigid' has a clear relation to body parts as well (in sexual connotation).
The presence of the id-ending in the word 'frigid' may be the evidence of the fact that Phrygia formerly used to be called Frugeti indeed.
And finally, the already mentioned word 'uprugiy' (with the Kartvelian negative prefix) when referred to body parts (muscles, for example) has a meaning opposite to 'frugos'. Compare:
frugos: shrunk, dull, deprived of juices
uprugiy: strained, tense, tauten
Thus, even having no Kartvelian roots reflected in Phrygia toponym we were able to prove its Kartvelian origin after having looked at it from the height of Ukrainian/Russian languages. The presence of the Kartvelian negative u-prefx in Ukrainian/Russian words is not limited with 'uprugiy'. See the full story in a separate entry.
By the way, the ancient capital of Phrygia - Gordium - may have a Kartvelian root 'gorda' (sword) too.
The Megrelians insist that the famous Anatolian region of Capadokia contains a Megrelian word 'dokia' meaning 'small'. The first part of the word may be easily interpreted from the Kartvelian point of view as well (for example, 'caba' - 'dress'). But what draws even more attention is the ancient name of the region's main river Kizil-Irmak, which used to be known as Halys. In Megrelian 'hali' means exactly 'river'.
The Kartvelian name of Trabzon - Trapezoni - has the same suffix that the Laz people use in the name of their land - Lazona.
The Anatolian tribe of Bebryces should be pronounced as [bebruki] which is clearly seen from its Greek spelling - Βέβρῠκες. It's a diminuitive noun derived from the Kartvelian root bebri (ბებრი) meaning 'old'. In Gori municipality of Georgia there is a village with exactly same name of ბებრუკი [bebruki]:
http://cesko.ge/files/2012/PARLAMENTIS%20ARCHEVNEBI/UBNEBI/ubnis_misamartebi.pdf
One of the main cities of Lycia, a region in Southern Anatolia, used to be called Patara, which means 'small' in Kartvelian.
Strabo placed in Paphlagonia a tribe of Eneti. We already know, it's not a name of a tribe, but a name of a land: Eneti - 'land of eni'. Who were Eni, is not known yet, but the dictionary of Rayfield mentions their dress (ენიანი კაბა [eniani kaba] - a dress with festoons) and their flute (ენიანი სალამური [eniani salamuri]).
The word 'orta' is considered to be Turk for it can be found in plenty of Turk toponyms: Orta-Koy, Orta-Kioy, even Georgian Ortachala. Indeed, in Turkish 'orta' means 'middle'. But what is 'middle' if not 'a split in TWO'? Meanwhile 'ori' in Kartvelian means exactly 'two'...
The region of Nakhichevan is now in Azerbaijan, but used to belong to various empires, including Turkey. Its name is an astounding Kartvelian toponym, constructed impeccably according to Kartvelian morphology. As can be read in any Georgian language grammar book, the construction NA+<ROOT>+EVI means 'a former place of <root>'. For example, Nakalakevi is 'former place of kalaki (city)'. So, Nakhichevi is 'former place of khichi'. The word 'khichi' means pebbels, gravel:
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ხიჭი
...so, 'nakhichevi' means 'place where pebbles used to be'. While -an is the suffix of adjectives.
And now we have come to the most exciting part of the story, which may enlighten us as to who were those mysterious Kartvelian-speaking people that left kartvelianisms around all the Old World.
The Greeks give us a hand in that, equalling the famous Anatolian nation of Chalybes (who were the masters of metallurgy and from whom the Greeks borrowed the name for 'steel' which is 'chalib' in Greek) to Kartvelian nation of Laz:
'Οι Χάλυβες ή Αλιζώνες ή και Άλυβες ήταν αρχαίος λαός της Μικράς Ασίας'...
http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Χάλυβες
So, remember this forever: Chalybes = Alubes = Alizones. Since Herodotus names the latter nation both Alizones and Alazones (he places them also in Ukraine), we continue the chain as follows:
Chalybes = Alubes = Alizones = Alazones
Since Alazones and Alubes contain the A-prefix being in fact the definite article (see the corresponding entry), they are in fact Lazones and Lubes. Lazones are identified as Laz easily since 'Lazona' is the way the Laz people call their homeland:
"The Laz people live in a geographic area which they refer to as Lazona ლაზონა)".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laz_people
So, the final equation would be:
Chalybes = Alubes = Alizones = Alazones = Laz = Kartvelians
Do you know that 'arara' means 'nothing' in Kartvelian? Now imagine, that you want to construct a Kartvelian toponym meaning 'land of nothing'. That would be Arareti. Now imagine it's not Kartvelian but Laz. That would be Ararati. Now take off the Kartvelian trademark nominative case i-ending, and you'll end up with Ararat... Why 'the land of nothing'? But what are you to find on the 5000m+ altitude? Nothing...
On a map of XIX century you'll find today non-existing city of Kelat on the banks of the Van lake. It's a Laz toponym of Kelati. Today in the same location there is another Laz toponym of Ahlat (Ahlati) with a Kartvelian root of "ahlo' - 'here, now'.
The ancient Anatolian province of Phrygia seems to be an extraordinary toponym, laying another brick into the wall of Kartvelian presence evidences. From one hand, the word seems to be the undoubtful proof of the origin of the Romanic word 'frigio' meaning 'cold', as well as pan-European 'frigid' meaning 'indifferent, feeble, dull, flat'. From another hand, the word's true pronunciation is [prugia], for 'y' meaning [u] and 'ph' meaning aspirated [p]. The root 'prug' does not exist in the modern Kartvelian language, but astonishingly it does in... Ukrainian/Russian languages where it is combined with the Kartvelian negative prefix of u-: UPRUGIY, meaning 'strained', 'tense', 'tauten', which is a clear antonym to the word 'frigid'. But these are not all the proofs.
First, the land of Phrygia used to be located off the seashores, on mountaneous terrain with its cilmate significantly colder than in other Anatolian regions:
http://www.atc-anadolu.com/images/climatetur03.gif
Second, in the Greek dictionary we find the word φρύγιος ([frigios] in New Greek and [frugios] in Ancient Greek):
http://www.lsj.gr/index.php/Φρύγιος
...where it means ξηρὸς [xeros]...
In its turn, ξηρὸς means:
1) dry
1a) of members of the body deprived of their natural juices, shrunk, wasted, withered
1b) of the land in distinction from the water
Note that the definition refers 'frugos' (through 'xeros') to body parts, while the word 'frigid' has a clear relation to body parts as well (in sexual connotation).
The presence of the id-ending in the word 'frigid' may be the evidence of the fact that Phrygia formerly used to be called Frugeti indeed.
And finally, the already mentioned word 'uprugiy' (with the Kartvelian negative prefix) when referred to body parts (muscles, for example) has a meaning opposite to 'frugos'. Compare:
frugos: shrunk, dull, deprived of juices
uprugiy: strained, tense, tauten
Thus, even having no Kartvelian roots reflected in Phrygia toponym we were able to prove its Kartvelian origin after having looked at it from the height of Ukrainian/Russian languages. The presence of the Kartvelian negative u-prefx in Ukrainian/Russian words is not limited with 'uprugiy'. See the full story in a separate entry.
By the way, the ancient capital of Phrygia - Gordium - may have a Kartvelian root 'gorda' (sword) too.
The Megrelians insist that the famous Anatolian region of Capadokia contains a Megrelian word 'dokia' meaning 'small'. The first part of the word may be easily interpreted from the Kartvelian point of view as well (for example, 'caba' - 'dress'). But what draws even more attention is the ancient name of the region's main river Kizil-Irmak, which used to be known as Halys. In Megrelian 'hali' means exactly 'river'.
The Kartvelian name of Trabzon - Trapezoni - has the same suffix that the Laz people use in the name of their land - Lazona.
The Anatolian tribe of Bebryces should be pronounced as [bebruki] which is clearly seen from its Greek spelling - Βέβρῠκες. It's a diminuitive noun derived from the Kartvelian root bebri (ბებრი) meaning 'old'. In Gori municipality of Georgia there is a village with exactly same name of ბებრუკი [bebruki]:
http://cesko.ge/files/2012/PARLAMENTIS%20ARCHEVNEBI/UBNEBI/ubnis_misamartebi.pdf
One of the main cities of Lycia, a region in Southern Anatolia, used to be called Patara, which means 'small' in Kartvelian.
Strabo placed in Paphlagonia a tribe of Eneti. We already know, it's not a name of a tribe, but a name of a land: Eneti - 'land of eni'. Who were Eni, is not known yet, but the dictionary of Rayfield mentions their dress (ენიანი კაბა [eniani kaba] - a dress with festoons) and their flute (ენიანი სალამური [eniani salamuri]).
The word 'orta' is considered to be Turk for it can be found in plenty of Turk toponyms: Orta-Koy, Orta-Kioy, even Georgian Ortachala. Indeed, in Turkish 'orta' means 'middle'. But what is 'middle' if not 'a split in TWO'? Meanwhile 'ori' in Kartvelian means exactly 'two'...
The region of Nakhichevan is now in Azerbaijan, but used to belong to various empires, including Turkey. Its name is an astounding Kartvelian toponym, constructed impeccably according to Kartvelian morphology. As can be read in any Georgian language grammar book, the construction NA+<ROOT>+EVI means 'a former place of <root>'. For example, Nakalakevi is 'former place of kalaki (city)'. So, Nakhichevi is 'former place of khichi'. The word 'khichi' means pebbels, gravel:
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ხიჭი
...so, 'nakhichevi' means 'place where pebbles used to be'. While -an is the suffix of adjectives.
And now we have come to the most exciting part of the story, which may enlighten us as to who were those mysterious Kartvelian-speaking people that left kartvelianisms around all the Old World.
The Greeks give us a hand in that, equalling the famous Anatolian nation of Chalybes (who were the masters of metallurgy and from whom the Greeks borrowed the name for 'steel' which is 'chalib' in Greek) to Kartvelian nation of Laz:
'Οι Χάλυβες ή Αλιζώνες ή και Άλυβες ήταν αρχαίος λαός της Μικράς Ασίας'...
http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Χάλυβες
So, remember this forever: Chalybes = Alubes = Alizones. Since Herodotus names the latter nation both Alizones and Alazones (he places them also in Ukraine), we continue the chain as follows:
Chalybes = Alubes = Alizones = Alazones
Since Alazones and Alubes contain the A-prefix being in fact the definite article (see the corresponding entry), they are in fact Lazones and Lubes. Lazones are identified as Laz easily since 'Lazona' is the way the Laz people call their homeland:
"The Laz people live in a geographic area which they refer to as Lazona ლაზონა)".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laz_people
So, the final equation would be:
So, the Chalybes are not only Laz, but also firmly identified as Kartvelians. Remember this forever too!
The relation of the Alub people to Anatolia can be interestingly tracked through the Kartvelian word 'alubali' meaning 'cherry'. In fact, 'alubali' is an adjective formed from 'alub' noun and meaning something like 'alubish (fruit)'. And the cherry indeed originates from Anatolia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry
So, the mysterious omnipresent ancient Kartvelian speaking nation might be the Lub nation (see a thorough separate entry on that). But now it's the right moment to recall the ancient and legendary Anatolian Luwians, which sometimes are identifed as as legendary Hittites. The correspondence of the Lub to the Luwians is obvious. And please, remeber that the traditional linguistics refer the Luwian language to the IE family, while in fact, as we see, it belongs to the Kartvelian family.
To conclude in brief: the whole Anatolian (Minor Asia, Turkey) territory was inhabited by Kartvelian-speaking nations. And the nowaday 'Turkish' population in its majority can still be in fact those ancient nations.
The relation of the Alub people to Anatolia can be interestingly tracked through the Kartvelian word 'alubali' meaning 'cherry'. In fact, 'alubali' is an adjective formed from 'alub' noun and meaning something like 'alubish (fruit)'. And the cherry indeed originates from Anatolia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry
So, the mysterious omnipresent ancient Kartvelian speaking nation might be the Lub nation (see a thorough separate entry on that). But now it's the right moment to recall the ancient and legendary Anatolian Luwians, which sometimes are identifed as as legendary Hittites. The correspondence of the Lub to the Luwians is obvious. And please, remeber that the traditional linguistics refer the Luwian language to the IE family, while in fact, as we see, it belongs to the Kartvelian family.
To conclude in brief: the whole Anatolian (Minor Asia, Turkey) territory was inhabited by Kartvelian-speaking nations. And the nowaday 'Turkish' population in its majority can still be in fact those ancient nations.
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