Do you know that 'rose-coloured' in Old High German is 'rōsfaro'?
rose-coloured: ahd. rōsag* 1; rōsfaro*
(dictionary of Gerhardt Kobler)
While 'soot-coloured' is 'ruozfaro'?
Do you see the total correspondence to the way the names of colours are formed in Georgian?
კავისფერი (kavisferi), ვარდისფერი (vardisferi), იისფერი (iisferi), etc.
The part 'feri' corresponds to the German 'faro' (which is likely to eventually end up being farb and farben).
Sunday, May 17, 2015
INGURI & INGUL
The Megrelian Inguri river, the origin of which has been unknown so far, is very likely to be an adjective formed out of the 'inga' (ინღა) noun. In Svan language (Karpez Dondua's dictionary) it's 'raspberry' (the Megrelian version is 'ingua').
Hence, Inguri (together with the Ukrainian river Ingul) becomes Raspberry river. There has always been plety of raspberries along both Inguri and Ingul.
If someone doubts that Raspberry River is not a good name for a river, he should go to Russia where he will find two rivers with the name 'Малиновая' (Raspberry). One is Lena's inflow, another one - Pilenga's on Sakhalin. Besides, there is the Raspberry River in Wisconsin.
Those who claim that Inguri is spelled through plosive 'g' - გ - while 'raspberry' is spelled through the fricative one - ღ, should know that in Kartvelian languages these two letters are often interchangeable. In particular, Margalitadze's dictionary lists two versions for 'goose' - გერგეტი (gergeti) and ღერღეტი (ghergheti).
Hence, Inguri (together with the Ukrainian river Ingul) becomes Raspberry river. There has always been plety of raspberries along both Inguri and Ingul.
If someone doubts that Raspberry River is not a good name for a river, he should go to Russia where he will find two rivers with the name 'Малиновая' (Raspberry). One is Lena's inflow, another one - Pilenga's on Sakhalin. Besides, there is the Raspberry River in Wisconsin.
Those who claim that Inguri is spelled through plosive 'g' - გ - while 'raspberry' is spelled through the fricative one - ღ, should know that in Kartvelian languages these two letters are often interchangeable. In particular, Margalitadze's dictionary lists two versions for 'goose' - გერგეტი (gergeti) and ღერღეტი (ghergheti).
ΚΥΚΛAΔΕΣ
The name of the Greek islands Kyklades (Κυκλάδες) is likely to conceal the Zan Kukleti toponym, which is 'land of kukli'. The word 'kukli' is not present in the dictionaries. But we remember that Georgians, like, for example, French people, like to omit vowel in the roots. Thus, we must look for kukeli or kukuli adjectives.
As we remember, the Greeks interpret Kyklades as a derivation from 'kyklos', which is, 'circle'. But they are unable to analyse the word morphemically.
Unlike Katrvelians. If we are talking about adjectives (and we are), then the root will be 'kuk' with 'l' left as the adjective formant. Will we find any kuk-root in Kartvelian languages to mean anything round?
Yes, we will. Twice. First, it's a Megrelian adjective 'kukuli' in the meaning of 'knee-cap' (კვირისტავი). It has a clear round form, and hence the word 'kukuli' relates to roundness too and derives from some 'kuki' noun that meant roundness and that didn't preserve in the dictionaries. And second, it's the word 'kuku' (ქუქუ), which in the same dictionary of Kajaia means 'chestnut's pericarp'. We all remember from the childhood that chestnut pericarp has round form too.
As we remember, the Greeks interpret Kyklades as a derivation from 'kyklos', which is, 'circle'. But they are unable to analyse the word morphemically.
Unlike Katrvelians. If we are talking about adjectives (and we are), then the root will be 'kuk' with 'l' left as the adjective formant. Will we find any kuk-root in Kartvelian languages to mean anything round?
Yes, we will. Twice. First, it's a Megrelian adjective 'kukuli' in the meaning of 'knee-cap' (კვირისტავი). It has a clear round form, and hence the word 'kukuli' relates to roundness too and derives from some 'kuki' noun that meant roundness and that didn't preserve in the dictionaries. And second, it's the word 'kuku' (ქუქუ), which in the same dictionary of Kajaia means 'chestnut's pericarp'. We all remember from the childhood that chestnut pericarp has round form too.
ILION
In search for the Kartveian iterpretation of Troy's alternative name - Ilion (Ilios) - we will surely come across a necessity to look for the 'il(i)' root. It's present in pure form in Georgian dictionary in the meaning of 'cardamom'. The traces of cardamom in Minor Asia have not been discovered. But something different have...
It's the multiple alternations between 'i' and 'e' in the Megrelian dictionary of Kajaia. It lets equal 'ili' to 'eli'. While 'eli' in Kajaia's dictionary has a beautiful archaic meaning of 'country', 'land'. So, 'Ilios' or simply 'Ili' (without the Greek ending) may be '(native) land'.
By the way, it's very close to Hellas as well (Helas, Hellada = Ellati = Elleti = ელლეთი). The problem is to determine the origin of the doule 'll'. Also it's close to Illyria, which was also told about and which also has the double 'll'. The alternative interpretations of both Hellas and Illyria have been told about too.
It's the multiple alternations between 'i' and 'e' in the Megrelian dictionary of Kajaia. It lets equal 'ili' to 'eli'. While 'eli' in Kajaia's dictionary has a beautiful archaic meaning of 'country', 'land'. So, 'Ilios' or simply 'Ili' (without the Greek ending) may be '(native) land'.
By the way, it's very close to Hellas as well (Helas, Hellada = Ellati = Elleti = ელლეთი). The problem is to determine the origin of the doule 'll'. Also it's close to Illyria, which was also told about and which also has the double 'll'. The alternative interpretations of both Hellas and Illyria have been told about too.
ΝΑYΠΛΙΟ
Nauplio is a name of an ancient port in Greece. The name's origin is a mystery for Greeks themselves. Meanwhile it's formed of the Kartvelian na-prefix (a toponymic prefix of the former place of the root) and a root 'upli' (shortened 'upali' (უფალი) meaning 'Lord'). This root is present in other toponyms such as famous Uplistsihe, as well as in the dictionary in combination with the na-prefix: ნაუფლისწულევი (nauplistsulevi) - 'hereditary estate'.
HARGHITA
Those who followed closely the breath-taking story of Teucri (Trojans) moved to Sicily and finally tio Ukraine, should remember that on their way they left an astounding toponym of Szekely [sekei], a mysterious ethnic minority in Hungary and Romania. The group has another name - Siculi - which equals them to Sicilians totally. Besides, we remember that Teucri (Trojans) were a Kartvelian-speaking nation.
Now having looked closely at the habitat of Szekely in Romania we see a county named Harghita. The place in ancient times was known under the name of 'Argessos'. We already know how the -essos'-ending toponyms correspond to Kartvelian names of countries, and can thus transform Argessos into Argeti, which is 'land of argi'/ where arg is the root in the self-ethnonym of Megrelians - Margal.
Now having looked closely at the habitat of Szekely in Romania we see a county named Harghita. The place in ancient times was known under the name of 'Argessos'. We already know how the -essos'-ending toponyms correspond to Kartvelian names of countries, and can thus transform Argessos into Argeti, which is 'land of argi'/ where arg is the root in the self-ethnonym of Megrelians - Margal.
TOUCAN
The word 'toucan' may well be a derivation from a word 'tuca' in the language of Brazilian Indians (toucans live only in South America), but we have to explain somehow that in Odessa region of Ukraine the word 'тукан' (tukan) means 'woodpecker' in the local dialect (toucans are woodpeckers too). If we assume that the word was brought to America by the Spaniards, then again we need to explain why the bird was called with the same name both in Spain and Ukraine. If we need a Georgian in-between for a liaison, then we can use ტუკი (tuki) as such, which means in Guria and Imereti 'a wooden hammer'.
GALVA
More from the Dictionary of Volyn Dialect of Ukrainian Language.
The word 'galva' means 'a field for crops' in Georgian. In a Ukrainian dialect the same word means 'unsufficient sowing'.
The word 'galva' means 'a field for crops' in Georgian. In a Ukrainian dialect the same word means 'unsufficient sowing'.
ПАНДУРІ & ОБПАНДИТИ
The word panduri (ფანდური) seems curious. It's a bandura-like musical instrument. It's not hard to see that the word is an adjective formed out of a pandi noun. The word pandi in Georgian means, in particular, 'lasso'. Something close to 'strings' which are what panduri consists of. If so, then panduri simply translates as 'stringy'.
Besides, the Western Ukrainians use the word 'обпандити' in the meaning of 'to bypass', 'to avoid'. While in Georgian 'pandiani' adjective means 'cunning'.
Besides, the Western Ukrainians use the word 'обпандити' in the meaning of 'to bypass', 'to avoid'. While in Georgian 'pandiani' adjective means 'cunning'.
BEGA
In the same Dictionary of Volyn Dialect of Ukrainian Language there is a word 'бега' (bega) in the meaning of 'foot'. Sure, it's the source for 'бігати' (bigaty) - 'to run'. Note, that in Georgian 'foot' is 'pehi' which consists of the same consonants as 'bega', but unvoiced. Thus, such Ukrainian words as 'бігати' (bigaty) and 'піхота' (pihota) are more and more likely to be cognates.
ALT
The Dictionary of Volyn Dialect of Ukrainian Language lists the word 'alt' in the meaning of 'Ukrainian'. The etymology is mentioned as German, where 'alt' means 'old'.
And now recall the story of 'Drevliani', the truly Ukrainian tribe, which seems to have to do more with Svan word 'drev' meaning 'time', than with 'drevo' as 'tree'. If so, then Drevliani means the old people (the ancient people, the aborigenous people), and thus it's clear why Ukrainians would be called 'old' in the above mentioned dictionary.
And now recall the story of 'Drevliani', the truly Ukrainian tribe, which seems to have to do more with Svan word 'drev' meaning 'time', than with 'drevo' as 'tree'. If so, then Drevliani means the old people (the ancient people, the aborigenous people), and thus it's clear why Ukrainians would be called 'old' in the above mentioned dictionary.
KNAP
In Georgian dictionary კნაპვა (knapva) means 'crushing, splitting'. In English dictionary ' to knap' means 'to crash, to break down in pieces'.
КУДЕЛЬ
The word 'кудель' (kudel) means 'tow' (textile) in Ukrainian/Russian and looks like this:
In Megrelian კუდელი (kudeli) means 'tail' and is a derivation from a more widespread Kartvelian 'kudi' meaning 'tail' too.
MEGRELAN -SHE-ENDING
At least once the adjective superlative degree is formed in Megrelian with the help of 'she-ending (-შე): დიდიშე (didishe) = უდიდესი (udidesi) = the biggest. In Ukrainian and Russian languages similar ending (-ще/-shche) is used to form augmentative nouns: 'силище' (silishche), 'чудовище' (chudovishche), etc.
ERZURUM
Traditionally Erzurum is presumed to be an Armenian name. The argument is a name of another presumably Armenian town of Ardzn nearby, the name of which is considered to be the root in 'Erzurum', mangled by the Arabs.
A name which is 'mangled by Arabs' is a good signal that the word does not have etymology. We heard such awkward explications in cases of Zaragoza and Lentegí, in particular. This enables us to look at the name from Kartvelian point of view.
First, we need to get rid of the Latin -um-ending. There are a lot of toponyms with such ending on Ptolemy's maps. Ukraine alone lists Leinum, Barsacum and Niossum to name just few. Having done so we are left with a typical Karvelian adjective 'erzuri' (ერზური). The Georgian dictionaries do not list it. But we have a wonder named Megrelian Language Dictionary by Otari Kajaia, where we can find a word ერზამა (erzama) in the meaning of 'ignition'. It has '-ам' as the Megrelian trademark adjective suffix which leaves us 'erzi'/'erza' as a root. With high dgree of probability this already lost root used to mean 'fire'. Correspondingly, 'erzuri' meant 'fiery', 'burning', or 'luminous', which excellently associates with a city lit in the night.
As to the Ardzn city, its name reads from Georgian perfectly well as well. Since 'ardzi' (არძი) accroding to Saba Orbeliani means 'coarse coloured cotton cloth', 'ardzni' would be the Ancient Georgian plural form of it.
A name which is 'mangled by Arabs' is a good signal that the word does not have etymology. We heard such awkward explications in cases of Zaragoza and Lentegí, in particular. This enables us to look at the name from Kartvelian point of view.
First, we need to get rid of the Latin -um-ending. There are a lot of toponyms with such ending on Ptolemy's maps. Ukraine alone lists Leinum, Barsacum and Niossum to name just few. Having done so we are left with a typical Karvelian adjective 'erzuri' (ერზური). The Georgian dictionaries do not list it. But we have a wonder named Megrelian Language Dictionary by Otari Kajaia, where we can find a word ერზამა (erzama) in the meaning of 'ignition'. It has '-ам' as the Megrelian trademark adjective suffix which leaves us 'erzi'/'erza' as a root. With high dgree of probability this already lost root used to mean 'fire'. Correspondingly, 'erzuri' meant 'fiery', 'burning', or 'luminous', which excellently associates with a city lit in the night.
As to the Ardzn city, its name reads from Georgian perfectly well as well. Since 'ardzi' (არძი) accroding to Saba Orbeliani means 'coarse coloured cotton cloth', 'ardzni' would be the Ancient Georgian plural form of it.
QUIRITES
The author of this interesting hypothesis is Zviad Akubardia.
The word 'quirites' was used by the Romans as their self-name. They were proud of it, although we also know that when Caesar was telling his troops off, he also called them 'quirites'. Which means, not soldiers, but mere citizens.
Anyway, this prominent word is well attested.
At the same time, in Georgian 'kviriti' (ქვირითი) means hard-roe. Which means, brood, descendants. Meanwhile linguists have no reliable etymology for the word 'quirites'.
The word 'quirites' was used by the Romans as their self-name. They were proud of it, although we also know that when Caesar was telling his troops off, he also called them 'quirites'. Which means, not soldiers, but mere citizens.
Anyway, this prominent word is well attested.
At the same time, in Georgian 'kviriti' (ქვირითი) means hard-roe. Which means, brood, descendants. Meanwhile linguists have no reliable etymology for the word 'quirites'.
SIMARGL
The Primary Chronicle contains the whole pantheon of Russian pagan gods, among which there is some Simargl.
Those famila wih the Georgian language should remember that the si-prefix is used to form abstract nouns. Like 'silamaze' (beauty) made out of 'lamazi' (beautiful). Then 'simargle' similarly would be an abstract noun with margli/margla as its root.
Quite likely it is the 'margvla' (მარგვლა) verb that means 'weeding', 'hoeing'. Which is an agricultural action. Note that when conjugated the 'v'-letter changes its position: 'марглавс' (he hoes).
What relation did Simargl have to agriculture? A direct one. At least, Rybakov, the academician, considers him to be a god of plants, seeds, roots and crops.
Those famila wih the Georgian language should remember that the si-prefix is used to form abstract nouns. Like 'silamaze' (beauty) made out of 'lamazi' (beautiful). Then 'simargle' similarly would be an abstract noun with margli/margla as its root.
Quite likely it is the 'margvla' (მარგვლა) verb that means 'weeding', 'hoeing'. Which is an agricultural action. Note that when conjugated the 'v'-letter changes its position: 'марглавс' (he hoes).
What relation did Simargl have to agriculture? A direct one. At least, Rybakov, the academician, considers him to be a god of plants, seeds, roots and crops.
MERCURY
Isn't the word 'merkuri' a Georgian adjective formed out of a 'merke' noun? It well may be.
But what is 'merke' then?
It's მერქე - 'a horned man', a trademark Georgian 'me + <root> + e' personificating construction, derived from რქა (rka) - 'horn'.
Was Mercury horned? Yes:
'...But it also has curved horns coming from the top of the circle. This is the medieval alchemical symbol for Mercury, and has been used for thousands of years..'. http://www.universetoday.com/14019/symbol-for-mercury/
Those who still doubt, have a look at this:
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Меркурий_(мифология)
But what is 'merke' then?
It's მერქე - 'a horned man', a trademark Georgian 'me + <root> + e' personificating construction, derived from რქა (rka) - 'horn'.
Was Mercury horned? Yes:
'...But it also has curved horns coming from the top of the circle. This is the medieval alchemical symbol for Mercury, and has been used for thousands of years..'. http://www.universetoday.com/14019/symbol-for-mercury/
Those who still doubt, have a look at this:
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Меркурий_(мифология)
-UK SUFFIX IN UKRAINIAN SURNAMES
The Ukrainian surnames ending with -uk are highly likely to contain the Georgian diminuitive -uk(i) suffix (-უკი). There is no arguments against this claim. The widespread -chuk variant of the same ending implies a k-ending root and the k-ch alternation typical ("бик" - "бичок") for the Ukrainian language: Іванко (Ivanko) - Іванчук (Ivanchuk).
So, it's not a Turk suffix, as you may read on Russian lingvistic resources.
So, it's not a Turk suffix, as you may read on Russian lingvistic resources.
AFRICA
The word Africa has no etymology, everyone can make sure himself. At the same time, it looks like a Kartvelian toponym ending with -ika, like Lazica in Caucasus or Guernica and Carinca in Spanish Iberia.
If so, then we should look for the the 'afra' root in Kartvelian languages. The search is not long. It's 'აფრა' - 'a sail'. Hence Africa would be 'land of sails'.
The sail starts its history exactly in Africa (see Wikipedia). Besides, the Nile has always been full of sailboats named 'felucca', another Kartvelian word as it has been already explained.
If so, then we should look for the the 'afra' root in Kartvelian languages. The search is not long. It's 'აფრა' - 'a sail'. Hence Africa would be 'land of sails'.
The sail starts its history exactly in Africa (see Wikipedia). Besides, the Nile has always been full of sailboats named 'felucca', another Kartvelian word as it has been already explained.
FELUCCA
Do you know that the famous Egyptian felucca boat has an almost identical relative in Megrelia: ფილუკა [philuka]?
Note that the Megrelian 'philuka' clearly contains the diminuitive -uka-ending added to the 'phili' root, which, among other things, means 'wooden mortar' (ფილი).
Note that the Megrelian 'philuka' clearly contains the diminuitive -uka-ending added to the 'phili' root, which, among other things, means 'wooden mortar' (ფილი).
VENETI - ENETI
Historians undoubtedly equal the nation of 'Eneti' to the nationm of 'Veneti'. But no one says that it is possible only due to the phenomenon in Svan (and further, Ukrainian) language of adding the starting 'v' to the words beginning with a vowel: otahi-votahi, ojahi-vojahi, etc. It's been told in the book Between Two Iberias.
Now there is no necessity to look for the 'ven'-root in Veneti, because there is no such. It's Eneti, which, in its turn, is a name of a country, not a nation. Country of Eni people.
It's quite likely that the Teucr (or, as we already know, just Ucr) Aeneos has something to do with the land of Eneti. It was located in Paphlagonia and took part in Troyan war against Greeks jointly with Trojans-The-Ucrians.
Now we have to try to understand the expression 'eniani kaba' (ენიანი კაბა, 'Enian dress') in Margalitadze's dictionary. Since 'ena' means 'tongue' (and hence, uvula, reed, lug and similar tongue-associated object), it may be a technical desciption of the dress, which is defined in the dictionary as 'dress with festoons, with turned-over sleeves'. How turned-over sleeves can be associated with tongue-like things, everyone can decide himself. Another 'eniani' thing in the same dictionary is 'eniani flute' (ენიანი სალამური) that translates as 'reed flute', where 'ena' surely stands for a tongue-like thing, which is the reed. But the situation with the dress may be different, if 'eni'-root refers to the nation that lived in Eneti.
Now there is no necessity to look for the 'ven'-root in Veneti, because there is no such. It's Eneti, which, in its turn, is a name of a country, not a nation. Country of Eni people.
It's quite likely that the Teucr (or, as we already know, just Ucr) Aeneos has something to do with the land of Eneti. It was located in Paphlagonia and took part in Troyan war against Greeks jointly with Trojans-The-Ucrians.
Now we have to try to understand the expression 'eniani kaba' (ენიანი კაბა, 'Enian dress') in Margalitadze's dictionary. Since 'ena' means 'tongue' (and hence, uvula, reed, lug and similar tongue-associated object), it may be a technical desciption of the dress, which is defined in the dictionary as 'dress with festoons, with turned-over sleeves'. How turned-over sleeves can be associated with tongue-like things, everyone can decide himself. Another 'eniani' thing in the same dictionary is 'eniani flute' (ენიანი სალამური) that translates as 'reed flute', where 'ena' surely stands for a tongue-like thing, which is the reed. But the situation with the dress may be different, if 'eni'-root refers to the nation that lived in Eneti.
ZYGII
This notorious pirate nation is attributed by the Apsuans (pseudo-Abkhazians) to their ethnogenesis. According to them, it's "цlыху", which is 'man' in Apsuan.
But this generally accepted version sumples upon an unovercomeable problem. Strabo, the first to mention the nation, spells it this way: Ζυγοί
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Зихи
...which is [zugi] according to the rules of Ancient Greek phonetics, not [zigi]. While 'zuga' (ზუგა) is a pure Megrelian word meaning 'hill'. Hence the name of Megrelian capital Zugdidi, which is traditionally interpreted as 'zug + didi' - 'a big hill'. Although in Kajaia's dictionary you'll find an alternative spelling: 'Zugidi', which may be a slightly mangled 'Zugeti' - 'land of hills'.
Anyway, Zygii-Zugii are Megrelians (and aborigenous Abkhazians, at the same time).
Apsuans (those, who call themselves Abkhazians today) are neither Zugii, nor Abkhazians.
But this generally accepted version sumples upon an unovercomeable problem. Strabo, the first to mention the nation, spells it this way: Ζυγοί
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Зихи
...which is [zugi] according to the rules of Ancient Greek phonetics, not [zigi]. While 'zuga' (ზუგა) is a pure Megrelian word meaning 'hill'. Hence the name of Megrelian capital Zugdidi, which is traditionally interpreted as 'zug + didi' - 'a big hill'. Although in Kajaia's dictionary you'll find an alternative spelling: 'Zugidi', which may be a slightly mangled 'Zugeti' - 'land of hills'.
Anyway, Zygii-Zugii are Megrelians (and aborigenous Abkhazians, at the same time).
Apsuans (those, who call themselves Abkhazians today) are neither Zugii, nor Abkhazians.
ETRUSCHI
Once again:
1. To analyse the name, we should take the name of the country, not of the natin: Etruria. The word shows at least three Kartvelian morphemes: the final 'a' (definite article), the preceding 'i (nominative case ending), and Kartvelian trademark adjective ur-suffix. The root is 'etr'.
2. As to the 'schi'-suffix, it's the 'skii' (სკიი) word which is present in Kajaia's dictionary in the meaning of 'son'. Its meaning later shifted towards more general possessiveness. Thus, 'Etruschi' actually is 'Etrian'.
3. Why do we analyse Italian words from Kartvelian point of view? Because Karvelian presence on the penincula is abundant.
1. To analyse the name, we should take the name of the country, not of the natin: Etruria. The word shows at least three Kartvelian morphemes: the final 'a' (definite article), the preceding 'i (nominative case ending), and Kartvelian trademark adjective ur-suffix. The root is 'etr'.
2. As to the 'schi'-suffix, it's the 'skii' (სკიი) word which is present in Kajaia's dictionary in the meaning of 'son'. Its meaning later shifted towards more general possessiveness. Thus, 'Etruschi' actually is 'Etrian'.
3. Why do we analyse Italian words from Kartvelian point of view? Because Karvelian presence on the penincula is abundant.
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